AltMedASA
Anatomy & Physiology
Project Number 2 
(July 2022 – Pass 50%)

Name: ______________________________________________________

Registration # (Optional): _________________________________

Date Completed: ____________________________________________

Part A
INTERACTIVE LINK QUESTIONS
1. Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ptable)
to view the periodic table. In the periodic table of the
elements, elements in a single column have the same
number of electrons that can participate in a chemical
reaction. These electrons are known as “valence electrons.”
For example, the elements in the first column all have a
single valence electron—an electron that can be “donated”
in a chemical reaction with another atom. What is the
meaning of a mass number shown in parentheses?

2. Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/
electenergy) to learn about electrical energy and the
attraction/repulsion of charges. What happens to the
charged electroscope when a conductor is moved between
its plastic sheets, and why?

3. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/
disaccharide) to observe the formation of a disaccharide.
What happens when water encounters a glycosidic bond?

REVIEW QUESTIONS
Part B
4. Together, just four elements make up more than 95
percent of the body’s mass. These include ________.
a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon
b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen
c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen
d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

5. The smallest unit of an element that still retains the
distinctive behavior of that element is an ________.
a. electron
b. atom
c. elemental particle
d. isotope

6. The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive
properties is its number of ________.
a. protons
b. neutrons
c. electrons
d. atoms

7. On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has
an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59.
It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these
probably have ________.
a. about 80 neutrons each
b. fewer than 80 neutrons each
c. more than 80 neutrons each
d. more electrons than neutrons

8. Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many
electron shells does it likely have?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

9. Which of the following is a molecule, but not a
compound?
a. H 2 O
b. 2 H
c. H 2
d. H +

10. A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen
and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with
________.
a. ionic bonds
b. nonpolar covalent bonds
c. polar covalent bonds
d. hydrogen bonds

11. When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it
becomes
a. an ion
b. an anion
c. nonpolar
d. all of the above

12. A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of
cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called
a(n) ________.
a. noble gas
b. salt
c. electrolyte
d. dipole

13. Which of the following statements about chemical
bonds is true?
a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of
hydrogen.
c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and
polar molecules.
d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an
ion.

14. The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is
________.
a. potential energy
b. kinetic energy
c. radiant energy
d. activation energy

15. The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other
elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone.
This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.
a. catabolic
b. synthesis
c. decomposition
d. exchange

16. AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________
reaction.
a. anabolic
b. endergonic
c. decomposition
d. exchange

17. ________ reactions release energy.
a. Catabolic
b. Exergonic
c. Decomposition
d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

18. Which of the following combinations of atoms is most
likely to result in a chemical reaction?
a. hydrogen and hydrogen
b. hydrogen and helium
c. helium and helium
d. neon and helium

19. Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and
facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due
to the fact that ________.
a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high
temperature
b. chewing stores potential energy
c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions
d. saliva contains enzymes

20. CH 4 is methane. This compound is ________.
a. inorganic
b. organic
c. reactive
d. a crystal

21. Which of the following is most likely to be found
evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution?
a. sodium ions and chloride ions
b. NaCl molecules
c. salt crystals
d. red blood cells

22. Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in
some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few
pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to
the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-
chip batter is an example of a ________.
a. solvent
b. solute
c. solution
d. suspension

23. A substance dissociates into K + and Cl – in solution.
The substance is a(n) ________.
a. acid
b. base
c. salt
d. buffer

24. Ty is three years old and as a result of a “stomach bug”
has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48.
What does this mean?
a. Ty’s blood is slightly acidic.
b. Ty’s blood is slightly alkaline.
c. Ty’s blood is highly acidic.
d. Ty’s blood is within the normal range

25. C 6 H 12 O 6 is the chemical formula for a ________.
a. polymer of carbohydrate
b. pentose monosaccharide
c. hexose monosaccharide
d. all of the above

26. What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely
on for fuel?
a. glucose
b. glycogen
c. galactose
d. glycerol

27. Which of the following is a functional group that is part
of a building block of proteins?
a. phosphate
b. adenine
c. amino
d. ribose

28. A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build
which type of macromolecule?
a. polysaccharides
b. nucleic acids
c. phosphorylated glucose
d. glycogen

29. A phospholipid ________.
a. has both polar and nonpolar regions
b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a
phosphate group
c. is a building block of ATP
d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

30. In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a
characteristic shape known as a(n) ________.
a. beta chain
b. pleated sheet
c. alpha helix
d. double helix

31. Uracil ________.
a. contains nitrogen
b. is a pyrimidine
c. is found in RNA
d. all of the above

32. The ability of an enzyme’s active sites to bind only
substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as
________.
a. selectivity
b. specificity
c. subjectivity
d. specialty

Part C
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
33. The most abundant elements in the foods and beverages
you consume are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Why might having these elements in consumables be
useful?

34. Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable
isotopes: 16 O, 17 O, and 18 O. Explain what this means in
terms of the number of protons and neutrons.

35. Magnesium is an important element in the human body,
especially in bones. Magnesium’s atomic number is 12. Is
it stable or reactive? Why? If it were to react with another
atom, would it be more likely to accept or to donate one or
more electrons?

36. Explain why CH 4 is one of the most common
molecules found in nature. Are the bonds between the
atoms ionic or covalent?

37. In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes
with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice
that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not
effective in cleaning the bowl?

38. Could two atoms of oxygen engage in ionic bonding?
Why or why not?

39. AB + CD → AD + BE Is this a legitimate example
of an exchange reaction? Why or why not?

40. When you do a load of laundry, why do you not just
drop a bar of soap into the washing machine? In other
words, why is laundry detergent sold as a liquid or powder?

41. The pH of lemon juice is 2, and the pH of orange juice
is 4. Which of these is more acidic, and by how much?
What does this mean?

42. During a party, Eli loses a bet and is forced to drink
a bottle of lemon juice. Not long thereafter, he begins
complaining of having difficulty breathing, and his friends
take him to the local emergency room. There, he is given an
intravenous solution of bicarbonate. Why?
43. If the disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucose
monosaccharides, which are hexose sugars, how many
atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose
contain and why?

44. Once dietary fats are digested and absorbed, why can
they not be released directly into the bloodstream?